Summary: A new study sheds light on when adolescents start thinking like adults. Researchers found that executive function, critical for task-switching and focus, typically matures around 18 years old.
Drawing from over 10,000 participants and multiple datasets, this large-scale study offers a developmental chart for teen cognitive growth. These findings are invaluable for education, psychiatry, and the judicial system.
Key Facts:
- The study, based on over 10,000 participants, determined that executive function generally matures by 18 years old.
- Data showed a rapid growth in executive function during late childhood to mid-adolescence (10-15 years old), with stability achieved by late adolescence (18-20).
- This comprehensive roadmap of cognitive development can aid in detecting deviations, which is pivotal for early diagnosis of mental illnesses like schizophrenia.
Source: University of Pennsylvania
At what age does an adolescent start thinking as an adult?
A new study published this week in Nature Communications presents some of the first definitive evidence that executive function — a set of cognitive skills underlying the ability to plan, seamlessly switch from task to task, resist tempting distractions and focus on a task at hand — usually matures by the time an individual turns 18 years old.
The study collected and analyzed nearly two dozen laboratory measures of executive functions in over 10,000 participants across four unique datasets, presenting a first-of-its-kind large scale chart of cognitive development in teens.
The findings have significant implications not only for psychiatrists and neuroscientists, but also for parents, educators, and potentially the judicial system in defining the boundaries of the adolescent period.
“When I talk with parents, a lot of them say, ‘There is no way that my 18-year-old is a fully formed adult!’” said senior author Beatriz Luna, Ph.D., professor of psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and a world-renowned expert on neurocognitive development.
“Other important behavioral factors that complement executive function, such as the ability to control one’s own emotions, can change with age. The ability to use executive function reliably improves with age and, at least in a laboratory setting, matures by 18 years of age.”
Unlike the meticulously mapped out milestones of childhood, the timeline of adolescence remained less formally defined, primarily due to the complexity of developmental processes set into motion with the onset of puberty.
High variability among individuals and a lack of tools for analyzing complex datasets also limited the confidence of previous attempts to build a roadmap of brain development in teens.
“In our study, we wanted to present a consensus and not just a hunch,” said lead author Brenden Tervo-Clemmens, Ph.D., assistant professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at the University of Minnesota.
“This is developmental science meets big data. We are using tools that were not available to researchers studying cognitive and brain development until several years ago. A study of this scale was made possible only by open data-sharing and collaborators who graciously gave access to their datasets without asking anything in return,” added Tervo-Clemmens, who began this research as a graduate student in Luna’s lab at Pitt.
The study collected 23 distinct measures of executive function from over 10,000 participants from 8 to 35 years old. Scientists then analyzed those metrics by tracking their change over time and checking whether performance across different tests fit a single trajectory that could be described with a mathematical model.
The resulting analysis showed a common dynamic of executive function maturation that was shared between both sexes: a rapid burst of executive function development in late childhood to mid-adolescence (10-15 years old), followed by small but significant changes through mid-adolescence (15-18) that stabilized to adult-level performance by late adolescence (18-20).
By presenting reproducible growth charts across tasks and datasets, this roadmap could allow researchers to track how therapeutic and drug interventions might affect developmental milestones.
For instance, adolescence is the time when many mental illnesses, which also have problems in executive function, such as schizophrenia, emerge. Charting the neurotypical brain development timeline will then allow researchers to better track any subtle shifts from the “norm” and possibly improve early diagnosis.
Other authors of this research are Finnegan Calabro, Ph.D., Ashley Parr, Ph.D., Jennifer Fedor, Ph.D., and William Foran, Ph.D., all at Pitt.
Funding: This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health (grants R03MH113090 and R01MH067924) and the Staunton Farm Foundation.
About this cognitive and developmental neuroscience research news
Author: Anastasia Gorelova
Source: University of Pennsylvania
Contact: Anastasia Gorelova – University of Pennsylvania
Image: The image is credited to Neuroscience News
Original Research: Open access.
“A canonical trajectory of executive function maturation from adolescence to adulthood” by Beatriz Luna et al. Nature Communications
Abstract
A canonical trajectory of executive function maturation from adolescence to adulthood
Theories of human neurobehavioral development suggest executive functions mature from childhood through adolescence, underlying adolescent risk-taking and the emergence of psychopathology.
Investigations with relatively small datasets or narrow subsets of measures have identified general executive function development, but the specific maturational timing and independence of potential executive function subcomponents remain unknown.
Integrating four independent datasets (N = 10,766; 8–35 years old) with twenty-three measures from seventeen tasks, we provide a precise charting, multi-assessment investigation, and replication of executive function development from adolescence to adulthood.
Across assessments and datasets, executive functions follow a canonical non-linear trajectory, with rapid and statistically significant development in late childhood to mid-adolescence (10–15 years old), before stabilizing to adult-levels in late adolescence (18–20 years old).
Age effects are well captured by domain-general processes that generate reproducible developmental templates across assessments and datasets.
Results provide a canonical trajectory of executive function maturation that demarcates the boundaries of adolescence and can be integrated into future studies.
