Spectrum of Hyperarousal: Seven Distinct Types of Tension Identified

Summary: “Hyperarousal” is a cornerstone of many mental health conditions, from insomnia and ADHD to depression and PTSD. However, the term has historically been used as a “catch-all,” leading to…

Shared Brain Circuit Links Insomnia, Anxiety, and Depression

Summary: A large brain imaging study suggests that insomnia, depression, and anxiety, often co-occurring, share overlapping brain abnormalities. Researchers found reduced cortical surface area, smaller thalamic volume, and weaker brain connectivity…

Dopamine Plays Double Duty in Learning and Motivation

Summary: A novel study suggests that dopamine, a neurotransmitter, plays dual roles in learning and motivation. In the study, male rats underwent Pavlovian or operant conditioning while their dopamine release…